blood order
![[DESCARTES, René (1596-1650)]](/assets/image/picture_2945222/9d12c/1b1831dfc7e19e287b331e6d22dc7f781689112800jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
![[DESCARTES, René (1596-1650)]](https://veryimportantlot.com/assets/image/picture_2945222/9d12c/1b1831dfc7e19e287b331e6d22dc7f781689112800jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
René Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, and natural scientist who is considered the founder of modern philosophy.
Descartes was a very versatile scientist: besides numerous philosophical reflections, he wrote works on optics, meteorology and geometry. Contemporaries noted his extensive knowledge in many sciences. Descartes owns the famous saying "I think, therefore I exist" (best known in the Latin formulation "Cogito, ergo sum", although it was originally written in French: "Je pense, donc je suis").
He developed a metaphysical dualism that radically distinguished between mind, whose essence is thought, and matter, whose essence is extension in three dimensions. Descartes' metaphysics is rationalistic, based on the postulation of innate ideas of mind, matter, and God, but his physics and physiology, based on sense experience, are mechanistic and empirical.
Unlike his scientific predecessors, who felt a holy awe at the incomprehensibility of the divine essence of the universe, Descartes admired the ability of the human mind to understand the cosmos and to generate happiness itself, and rejected the view that human beings were inherently unhappy and sinful. He believed that it was inappropriate to pray to God to change the state of things and the world; it was much more productive to change oneself.
Ekaterina II, Ekaterina the Great; née Sophie Auguste Frederike von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, in Orthodoxy Ekaterina Alekseevna, was the Russian Empress and Sovereign of All Russia, mother of Emperor Paul I.
She was a niece of Swedish King Adolf Friedrich and a great-niece of Prussian King Frederick the Great. Sophie was a niece of the Swedish King Adolf Friedrich, and a great-niece of the Prussian King Frederick the Great. In 1744, at the invitation of Russian Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, she and her mother came to Russia, embraced Orthodoxy and was baptized with the name Ekaterina Alekseevna, and in 1745 married Grand Duke Peter Fyodorovich, the future Emperor Peter III. Immediately after arriving in Russia, Ekaterina II began to study the Russian language, history, and Russian traditions. She also read the works of the French enlighteners and works on philosophy, jurisprudence and economics, becoming a supporter of the ideas of the Enlightenment.
After the accession to the throne of Peter III, Ekaterina's relations with her husband deteriorated. Because of the threat of arrest and possible expulsion, Ekaterina decided to participate in the coup d'état, relying on the support of the Orlov brothers, Counts N. Panin and K. Razumovsky. On the night of June 28, 1762 Catherine secretly arrived in St. Petersburg and in the barracks of the Izmailovsky Regiment was proclaimed autocratic empress.
In the first years of her reign, Ekaterina II reformed the Senate, secularized church lands, which replenished the state treasury and alleviated the situation of a million peasants, abolished hetmanism in Ukraine, invited foreigners to Russia for the development of the Volga and Black Sea region. The Empress carried out important transformations in the military, social and financial spheres.
During her reign, Ekaterina II conducted two successful Russian-Turkish wars in 1768-1774 and 1787-1791, as a result of which Russia finally gained a foothold on the Black Sea. Having led an alliance with Austria and Prussia, Ekaterina participated in three partitions of Poland. In 1795, the empress issued a manifesto on the annexation of Courland to the Russian Empire. At the end of the 1780s, simultaneously with the Russo-Turkish war, the war with Sweden began, and in 1790 a peace treaty was signed, ending the Russo-Swedish war. In 1792 the Peace of Iasi was concluded, which consolidated Russia's influence in Bessarabia and Transcaucasia, as well as the annexation of Crimea.
Under the rule of Empress Ekaterina the Great, a whole pleiad of outstanding statesmen, military leaders, writers and artists appeared. Among them are Adjutant General I.I. Shuvalov, Generalissimo A.V. Suvorov, Field Marshal General G.A. Potemkin; enlightener, book publisher N.I. Novikov; historian, archaeologist, artist, writer, collector A.N. Olenin, President of the Russian Academy E.R. Dashkova.
Ekaterina II was buried in the vault of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. After 77 years in St. Petersburg on Alexandrinskaya Square was inaugurated a monument to the great empress. In the history of Russia she rightfully entered first of all as an enlightener.
Girolamo Fabrici d'Acquapendente, also known as Girolamo Fabrizio or Hieronymus Fabricius, was an Italian anatomist and surgeon and the founder of embryology. The Latinised form of his name, under which his works can be found, is Hieronymus Fabricius (ab Aquapendente).
Girolamo Fabrici d'Acquapendente, also known as Girolamo Fabrizio or Hieronymus Fabricius, was an Italian anatomist and surgeon and the founder of embryology. The Latinised form of his name, under which his works can be found, is Hieronymus Fabricius (ab Aquapendente).
Laura Keene, born Mary Frances Moss, was a British and American stage actress and theater manager.
Mary made her London debut in 1851 as Laura Keene, joining the Madame Vestris Theater Company, where she soon became well known in comedies and feuds. In 1852, Keene arrived in New York City, where she performed with the troupe of James W. Wallack, a year later at the Charles Street Theater, and in 1854 in San Francisco. Here she had already begun staging her own productions.
In 1855, Keene returned to New York to play at the Metropolitan Theater, which she renamed the Laura Keene Variety Theater, and built her own theater. Within eight years she was a major theater producer and director at her theater. Laura Keene's productions were an enduring success, attended by distinguished audiences and fans. But once during her performance there was a tragedy that shook the whole country.
April 14, 1865 at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. was a performance of Laura Keene's company "Our American Cousin", where President Lincoln and his wife Mary Todd Lincoln were present. Actor John Wilkes Booth shot and mortally wounded President Lincoln, then fled the theater. Laura Keene snuck to the presidential box and placed the mortally wounded president's head in her lap. The blood-stained cuff was later donated to the National Museum of American History. Laura Keene welled up Booth and later identified him under questioning.